Macbeth A Major Influence On The Topic Of Marxism

The play of Macbeth aspects plays a major influence on the topic of Marxism. Marxism acknowledges the numerous amount of power or authority oneself has. To point out the relation marxism has on the people within the play we all would first start by stating who had the most authority, and how it was use. Having the power to be in one’s hand changes the way one another act towards each other. To fully introduce marxism amongst the people in the story you would say the power is different amongst the main characters who are antagonized. The relations of power differ between Duncan, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth, and the Witches. In spite of the fact that Duncan was given numerous amount of power, he didn’t take advantage of the power as Lady Macbeth, Macbeth, and the Witches did. Macbeth who was known to be a great fighter, as the king of Scotland who was being brainwashed by the witches. He was first spotted out to be one of many people who was admired and did so many things that made people believe he was worth becoming a king. Macbeth started to resemble the second side of greediness for power from getting all the recognition and comments that he started to take it to precaution. The witches even acknowledge that he was getting a little to greedy for wanting power which easily let them brainwash him into wanting to go after power by any means necessary. Macbeth had a great close friend by the name of Duncan. Duncan who is the king has two sons Donalbain and Malcolm. Duncan had much

Correlation Between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime...

Literature Analysis and Research Proposal of the Correlation between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime Over the past few decades, many researches have strived to test and explain the correlation between violence and crime and mental illness. Moore and Hiday (2006) assert that up 22% of inmates has a mental illness, sometimes containing more mental illness patients than many psychiatric units. Due to these statistics it is evident how important it is to understand the causes of the correlations between crime and violence and mental disorders. This proposal wishes to explain and understand the possible correlation and the reasons for such correlation between mental health illnesses and violence and crime. Further research to test†¦show more content†¦These theories strive to explain how these factors may have an influence of crime and mental illness. Social Learning Theory and Mental Illness The Social Learning Theory strives to show how behaviors are acquired and maintained through various techniques. According to this theory, three basic constructs are apparent. Differential association explains that a person engages themselves in a group that has an acceptance toward crime as a possible means of obtaining necessary life goals. People engaged in these groups learn to view crime as either positive or negative. Differential reinforcement explains how well the participation in crime is accepted and imitation is the final acceptance of the crime by observing others and committing the crime as well. Applied to mental illness, individuals with mental illness are more likely to be engaged with individuals of these ideals due to excessive exposure from close contact in low socioeconomic areas. Social Stress and Mental Illness According to the Social Stress Theory, crime and violence is related to the amount of stress felt in one’s life. 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Its frequency has resulted in the formation of many myths, questions, and connections with mental health disorders. This country is searching for answers and this research will be designed to uncover the secret truths of gun violence and mass murders. By performing studies and revealing their results, it is the purposes of the project to help authorities better understand the conditions that enable this violence and thereforeRead MoreAn Evaluation Of An Initial Evaluation1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies display a personality different from those of nonalcoholic families. Children from alcoholic families are high-strung, outgoing and risk takers. These differences, however, do not map up onto ACOA standards profile and also don†™t differentiate between non-ACOAs and ACOAs. To add unto that, there lacks genuine evidence to prove that ACOAs display higher levels of â€Å"codependent† personality traits. Nevertheless, there is a high likelihood for ACOAs to label themselves as codependent, than non-ACOAsRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Disorders Essay2037 Words   |  9 PagesSchizophrenia is characterized as a chronic mental disorder that affects a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behavior (Bartol and Bartol, 2014). Individuals with schizophrenia experience positive psychotic symptoms that consist of hallucinations or delusions. Negative symptoms may also arise such as a diminished emotional expression known as flat affect, as well as poor attention and speech production (Bartol and Bartol, 2014). These symptoms are further categorized into five subtypes that includeRead MoreMental Disorders And Criminal Behavior1293 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: MENTAL DISORDERS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior Courtney Edwards Thomas University Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide information on the distinct types of mental illnesses as they correlate with criminal behavior. There are so many disorders in which exist in today’s society. These include: schizophrenia, delusional disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, and so much more. Through compulsive research

New Sources of Development Finance

Question: Discuss about the Report on New Sources Of Development Finance? Answer: Sources of finance available to a business Identification of sources of finance Internal sources Owners investment: This is personal funds or savings of a business owner or his or her family and friends which is invested in the business. Retained profits: Retained profits are earnings that remain after payment of all sorts of obligations and get reinvested in the business (Bodie and Merton, 2011). Sale of assets: An organisation can sale its assets such as product inventories, unused lands and equipments for raising funds. External sources Bank loans: Bank loans are funds borrowed from banks against set rate of interest and set date of repayment. Purchase of shares: Public limited companies have the option to sell shares via stock exchanges to raise funds from the public (Jarrow et al., 2011). Grants: Some business has access to local and central government grants for purchasing certain types of businesses. Assessment of implications of sources of finance Sources of finance Advantageous implications Disadvantageous implications Owners investment Quick access, no interest burden, no application forms Money cannot be used on other items Retained profits No need to borrow funds and hence, no question of interest payment, no loss of control or ownership (Bishop, 2004). Money is not available or scarcely available for alternative spending Asset sale Quick and easy access, no loss of ownership or control Sale of too much assets may reduce company assets and hamper operations Bank loan Asset guarantees and interest obligations removes pressure from the borrowing organizations as well as from the bank. The organisation retains ownership and control Presence of interest burdens and obligation to pay the principle on fixed date. Considerable high credit score is required (Newlyn, 2005) Shares Large funds can be obtained with no interest burden Loss of ownership and control Grants No repayment is required Only available under highly necessary conditions Evaluation of appropriate sources of finance For evaluation of appropriate sources of finance, an expansion project has been selected that involves public limited company retailing grocery products opening of two new stores in London. Upon evaluation, it has been found out that the most suitable sources of finance for the company are bank loan which is a debt finance and sale of shares, which is equity finance. These two sources of finance has been considered as appropriate sources because of the flowing reasons Bank loan Bank loan is a cheaper source of finance and more debt provides cost advantage (Newlyn, 2005). Moreover, it does not lead to loss of ownership or control and the time required to use the loan fund can be kept within the loan period. However, taking in to consideration the fact that debt financing is associated with interest obligation and put the company on to interest rate risk, it has been decided to keep debt financing below 40% in the capital structure of the expansion project. Shares Issue of shares is costlier than debt financing and leads to dilution of ownership and control. However, taking in to consideration the fact that it is easily available, free from interest burdens and a large amount of fund can be obtained, the company has decided to cover 60% of its capital structure with equity financing. Implications of finance in a business Analysis of costs of sources of finance Owners investment: The main costs of owners investment are costs of providing financial reports, conducting audits, share flotation and administrative and legal costs. Retained profit: Retained profit is connected to opportunity cost i.e. cost of losing the opportunity of using the funds for alternative expenditures (Groppelli and Nikbakht, 2011). Sale of assets: Sale of assets is costly in the sense that it leads to loss of company value and organisational efficiency. Bank loan: The main costs associated with bank loan are interests, factor charge and costs of providing lender information Sale of shares: Costs associated with sale of shares are issuing costs and dividends. Grants: The major costs connected to grants are administrative, fund application and application form filling costs (Groppelli and Nikbakht, 2011). Assessment of importance of financial planning Financial planning is helpful to an organisation in many different ways. Financial planning aids an organisation in appropriately funding its own activities through identification of financial priorities, allocation of funds for meeting expenses, reduction of credit use, uncertainty and financial affairs related conflicts and facilitating investments and savings to reach financial goals. Along this line, it can be stated that financial planning streamlines the process of management and monitoring of incomes and expenses, creating investment opportunities, saving funds and creating a long term capital base. Assessment of information needs of different decision makers Internal decision makers Shareholders: Shareholders of an organisation require considerable amount of information regarding profitability, asset base, net worth and cash availability. Managers: Managers require wide range of information regarding profit performance, growth, planning, controlling and organizing activities. External decision makers Government: The government needs wide range of information to know whether an organisation complies with regulatory bodies, creates employment, contributes to economic growth, supports environment addresses green issues and climate change and pays income tax. Funding organizations: These organizations require considerable amount of information regarding profitability, liquidity, fixed and current asset base, interest cover and gearing ratios. Customers: The information requirements of customers are lesser in comparison to that of others however; they require considerable information regarding quality of goods and services of an organisation and extent of ethical compliance. Analysis of impact of finance on financial statements Finance Impact on balance sheet Impact on income statement Owners investment Increases owners equity fund Increases net income Retained profits Increases owners equity Increases net profit after tax Asset sale Decreases current on long term assets depending on the type of asset sold (Atkinson, 2005) Increases non operating income Bank loan Increases short term long term asset and liability by the same amount liability depending upon the type of loan taken (Finney, 2011) Increases interest expense Shares Increases owners equity Increases non operating income Grants Increases short term long term assets Increases non operating income Financial decision making using financial information Analysis of budgets with appropriate decisions Calculation of cash budget The following cash budget has been prepared for forecasting cash inflows and outflows from a new grocery soap during the first six months of its operation Particulars () April May June July August September Cash inflow Credit sales 693000 762300 838530 922383 1014621 1116083 Cash sales 77000 84700 93170 102487 112736 124009 Total cash inflow 770000 847000 931700 1024870 1127357 1240093 Cash outflows Cash purchases 650000 520000 416000 332800 266240 212992 Credit purchases 60500 48400 38720 30976 24781 19825 Rent payment 30000 30000 Bank loan repayment 16500 13200 10560 8448 6758 5407 Other expenses 88000 70400 56320 45056 36045 28836 Total cash outflow 845000 652000 521600 447280 333824 267059 Net cash flow -75000 195000 410100 577590 793533 973034 Opening cash balance 50000 -25000 170000 580100 1157690 1951223 Net cash flow at the end of the month -25000 170000 580100 1157690 1951223 2924257 Analysis of cash budget Analysis of the above cash budget reveals that in the month of April, there will be a cash deficit of -25000. This cash deficit can be managed and converted to cash surplus by stringent credit policies, bank reconciliations and negotiation of flexible credit terms with suppliers. Analysis also reveals that after the month of April there will be cash surpluses for the next five months and the figures are expected to be 170000, 2924257, 1157690, 1951223 and 580100 for the months of May, June, July, August and September respectively. This surplus cash can be used for paying current debts and for investing in profitable projector expansions. Calculation of unit costs and pricing decisions Unit cost Unit cost is the total cost incurred in the process of manufacturing and delivering one unit of a product. The formula for calculation of unit cost is Per unit cost = (total variable cost + total fixed cost) / total number of units sold Another formula is Per unit cost = (Selling price profit) / number of units sold. From the above formula, it is clear that unit cost is obtained by deducting mark up profit from selling price. Pricing decisions Since variable costs change as per changes in level of operations and fixed cost do not change as per the same, variable cost is more relevant in the context of pricing decisions. This is mainly because of the fact that variable cost act as an important determinant of breakeven point i.e. the point at which income and expense is same for a business. Assessment of project viability as per investment appraisal techniques Different investment appraisal techniques Some of the most important project appraisal techniques have been described below Project appraisal technique Definition Decision rule Advantages Disadvantages Net present value (NPV) NPV is present value of future cash flows present value of initial investment (Johnson, 2009). A project is accepted when NPV is positive Time value money and entire life cycle of a project is considered Method is complex and sensitive to cost of capital (Wilkes, 2010) Payback period It is the time taken to recover initial investments A project is accepted when calculated payback period is shorter than targeted payback period Simple and easily understandable technique. Over simplified and ignores time value of money Internal rate of return (IRR) It is the rate of return at which initial investment is equal to present value of future cash flows A project is accepted when IRR is greater than cost of capital (Johnson, 2009). Takes in to consideration time value of money Fails to give accurate results in case of mutually exclusive projects. Application of the NPV technique In the following table, NPV of an expansion project has been calculated Cash flow () Project A Discounting rate Discounted cash flows Investment (cash outflow) 143000 Year 1 - cash inflow 38500 1 34997 Year 2 - cash inflow 49500 1 40887 Year 3 - cash inflow 60500 1 45436 Year 4 - cash inflow 71500 1 48835 Total discounted cash flow 170154 NPV 27154 Since NPV of the project is positive, the project can be considered feasible and profitable and thus, the same should be accepted. Financial performance of business Discussion on the main financial statements Balance sheet: Balance sheet is important because it is the statement of financial position on a particular date. It aids in depicting what is claimed and owned against assets. The main elements of a balance sheet are assets, liabilities and owners equity (Foulke, 2006). Profit and loss account: Profit and loss account is important in the sense that it depicts income and expenditure (Fridson and Alvarez, 2007). It serves the purposes reflecting earning capacity. Main elements of this statement are incomes and expenses. Comparison of formats of financial statements of different businesses Criteria Sole trader Partnership Limited company Representation Financial statements reflect age records and audit trail Financial statements represent profit, loss and capital contributions Main forms of financial statements are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement Focus Financial statements depict income tax and NI Cash balances of partners are represented Profitability, liquidity, efficiency and solvency Complexity Least complex Moderately complex Highly complex Requirement Not mandatory Not mandatory Mandatory Ratio analysis and interpretation Calculation, analysis and interpretations of ratios have been done in the context of BA Ratio Calculation 2012 2013 2014 Analysis Interpretation Profitability ratios Gross profit margin Gross profit / net sales x 100 16 15.4 15.4 Gross profit margin shows a decreasing trend Overall profitability of BA is decreasing Net profit margin Net profit / net sales x 100 4.77 5.29 6 The trend of net profit margin is increasing Profit from operating activities and pricing strategies of BA is increasing (Horrigan, 2010) Liquidity ratios Current ratio Current assets / current liabilities 1.27 1.26 1.2 The trend of current ratio is decreasing Short term liquidity position is deteriorating Quick ratio (Current assets - inventories) / current liabilities 0.43 0.42 0.37 The trend of quick ratio is also decreasing (Palmer, 2006) Short term liquidity position is deteriorating Gearing ratios Debt to equity ratio Total debt / total equity 1.53 0.54 0.94 Debt to equity ratio shows a shows a decreasing trend The percentage of debt in capital structure of BA is decreasing thereby indicating reduced exposure to interest rate risk and bankruptcy risk (Weston and Brigham, 2006). References Atkinson, A. (2005). New Sources Of Development Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bishop, E. (2004). Finance of international trade. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Bodie, Z. and Merton, R. (2011). Finance. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Finney, R. (2011). Office finances made easy. New York: AMACOM. Foulke, R. (2006) Practical financial statement analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. Fridson, M. Alvarez, F. (2007) Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Groppelli, A. and Nikbakht, E. (2011). Finance. 3rd ed. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's. Horrigan, J. (2010) Financial ratio analysis. New York: Arno Press. Jarrow, R., Maksimovic, V. and Ziemba, W. (2011). Finance. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Johnson, R. (2009) Capital budgeting. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co. Newlyn, W. (2005). Finance for development. 4th ed. [Nairobi]: East African Pub. House. Palmer, J. (2006) Financial ratio analysis. New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Weston, J. Brigham, E. (2006) Managerial finance. Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press. Wilkes, F. (2010) Capital budgeting techniques. London: Wiley.

Treatment Of Native Americans Essays - Cherokee Nation,

Treatment Of Native Americans After the American Revolution the new United States government hoped to maintain peace with the Indians on the frontier. But as settlers continued to migrate westward they made settlements on Indian lands and demanded and received protection by the Army. Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, organized several tribes to oppose further ceding of Indian lands. But they were defeated in 1811 by Gen. William Henry Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe. During the War of 1812 many of the Indians again sided with the British. Afterward, with the victorious United States secure in its borders, federal policy turned to one of removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi River--to the so-called Great American Desert, where, supposedly, no white man would ever want to live. To implement this policy, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830. It gave President Andrew Jackson, a dedicated foe of the Indians, the power to exchange land west of the Mississippi for the southeastern territory of the Five Civilized Tribes--the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. The removal policy led to a clash between Jackson and the United States Supreme Court, which had ruled in favor of the right of the Cherokees to retain their lands in Georgia. Jackson refused to enforce the Court's decision, and in 1838 and 1839 the Cherokees, like the other tribes before them, were forced westward to Indian Territory (later Oklahoma). Their bitter trek during the dead of winter has become known as the Trail of Tears. In 1832, Sauk and Fox Indians under Black Hawk in Wisconsin had been defeated after refusing to abandon their lands east of the Mississippi. In the 1830s and 1840s, Seminoles under Osceola unsuccessfully resisted removal from their homes in Florida. By the end of the 1840s, except for small segments of tribes who had fled to the wilderness, the Indian problem had ended in the East. 1835: Seminole Indian War. When white settlers tried to force the Seminole of the Florida Territory to relocate west of the Mississippi River, the tribe's warriors hid their families in the Everglades and launched a guerrilla war against U.S. forces under Gen. Thomas Jesup. Assisted by runaway slaves who had married into the tribe, the Seminoles fought determinedly until their chief Osceola was captured in 1837, after which their resistance gradually diminished. The war ended in 1842, and the Seminole agreed to move to lands west of the Mississippi soon thereafter. The Seminole War of 1835-42 cost the U.S. government more than 2,000 men and between 40 and 60 million dollars. TECUMSEH (1768? -1813). The most dramatic of the Indians' struggles to hold their lands against the white man was the one led by the great Shawnee chief Tecumseh. He was born on Mad River, near the present city of Springfield, Ohio, in about 1768. From his earliest childhood he saw suffering brought to his people by the whites. In 1808 Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, a religious leader called the Prophet, established a village in northern Indiana. They persuaded the Indians there to avoid liquor, to cultivate their land, and to return to traditional Indian ways of life. The village came to be known as Prophet's Town. Meanwhile Tecumseh was forming a defensive confederacy of Indian tribes, traveling throughout the East and Midwest. Our fathers, he said to the Indians, from their tombs, reproach us as slaves and cowards. He won the allegiance of many tribes. At that time William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory. He induced a number of individual tribes to give up great areas in the region that is now Indiana and Illinois. At a council in Vincennes in 1810, Tecumseh demanded that land be returned to the Indians. Since it belonged to all of them, he argued, individual chiefs did not have the right to barter it away. His demand was rejected. He then traveled to Canada to consult the British and afterward to the Southwest to enlist support of Indian tribes there. Governor Harrison undertook an expedition against Prophet's Town during Tecumseh's absence, in September 1811. On November 7, after a fierce battle, he destroyed the village. This defeat scattered the Indian

Byzantine-Seljuk Wars and the Battle of Manzikert

Byzantine-Seljuk Wars and the Battle of Manzikert The Battle of Manzikert was fought on August 26, 1071, during the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars (1048-1308). Ascending to the throne in 1068, Romanos IV Diogenes worked to restore a decaying military situation on the Byzantine Empires eastern borders. Passing needed reforms, he directed Manuel Comnenus to lead a campaign against the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Seljuk Turks with the goal of regaining lost territory. While this initially proved successful, it ended in disaster when Manuel was defeated and captured. Despite this failure, Romanos was able to conclude a peace treaty with Seljuk leader Alp Arslan in 1069. This was largely due to Arslans need for peace on his northern border so that he could campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. Romanos Plan In February 1071, Romanos sent envoys to Arslan with a request to renew the peace treaty of 1069. Agreeing, Arslan began moving his army into Fatimid Syria to besiege  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Aleppo. Part of an elaborate scheme, Romanos had hoped that the treaty renewal would lead Arslan away from the area allowing him to launch a campaign against the Seljuks in Armenia. Believing that the plan was working, Romanos assembled an army numbering between 40,000-70,000 outside Constantinople in March. This force included veteran Byzantine troops as well as Normans, Franks, Pechenegs, Armenians,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Bulgarians, and variety of other mercenaries. The Campaign Begins Moving east, Romanos army continued to grow but was plagued by the questionable loyalties of its officer corps including the co-regent, Andronikos Doukas. A rival of Romanos, Doukas was a key member of the powerful Doukid faction in Constantinople. Arriving at Theodosiopoulis in July, Romanos received reports that Arslan had abandoned the siege of Aleppo and was retreating east towards the Euphrates River. Though some of his commanders wished to halt and await Arslans approach, Romanos pressed on towards Manzikert. Believing that the enemy would approach from the south, Romanos split his army and directed Joseph Tarchaneiotes to take one wing in that direction to block the road from Khilat. Arriving at Manzikert, Romanos overwhelmed the Seljuk garrison and secured the town on August 23. Byzantine intelligence had been correct in reporting that Arslan had abandoned the siege of Aleppo but failed in noting his next destination. Eager to deal with the Byzantine incursion, Arslan moved north into Armenia. In the course of the march, his army shrank as the region offered little plunder. The Armies Clash Reaching Armenia in late August, Arslan began maneuvering towards the Byzantines. Spotting a large Seljuk force advancing from the south, Tarchaneiotes elected to retreat west and failed to inform Romanos of his actions. Unaware that nearly half his army had departed the area, Romanos located Arslans army on August 24 when Byzantine troops under Nicephorus Bryennius clashed with the Seljuks. While these troops successfully fell back, a cavalry force led by Basilakes was crushed. Arriving on the field, Arslan dispatched a peace offer which was quickly rejected by the Byzantines. On August 26, Romanos deployed his army for battle with himself commanding the center, Bryennius leading the left, and Theodore Alyates directing the right. The Byzantine reserves were placed to the rear under the leadership of Andronikos Doukas. Arslan, commanding from a nearby hill, directed his army to form a crescent moon-shaped line. Commencing a slow advance, the Byzantine flanks were struck by arrows from the wings of the Seljuk formation. As the Byzantines advanced, the center of the Seljuk line fell back with the flanks conducting hit and run attacks on Romanos men. Disaster for Romanos Though capturing the Seljuk camp late in the day, Romanos had failed to bring Arslans army to battle. As dusk neared, he ordered a withdrawal back towards their camp. Turning, the Byzantine army fell into confusion as the right wing failed to obey the order to fall back. As gaps in Romanos line began to open, he was betrayed by Doukas who led the reserve off the field rather than forward to cover the armys retreat. Sensing an opportunity, Arslan began a series of heavy assaults on the Byzantine flanks and shattered Alyates wing. As the battle turned into a rout, Nicephorus Bryennius was able to lead his force to safety. Quickly surrounded, Romanos and the Byzantine center were unable to break out. Aided by the Varangian Guard, Romanos continued the fight until falling wounded. Captured, he was taken to Arslan who placed a boot on his throat and forced him to kiss the ground. With the Byzantine army shattered and in retreat, Arslan kept the defeated emperor as his guest for a week before allowing him to return to Constantinople. Aftermath While Seljuk losses at Manzikert are not known, recent scholarship estimates that the Byzantines lost around 8,000 killed. In the wake of the defeat, Arslan negotiated a peace with Romanos before permitting him to depart. This saw the transfer of Antioch, Edessa, Hierapolis, and Manzikert to the Seljuks as well as the initial payment of 1.5 million gold pieces and 360,000 gold pieces annually as a ransom for Romanos. Reaching the capital, Romanos found himself unable to rule and was deposed later that year after being defeated by the Doukas family. Blinded, he was exiled to Proti the following year. The defeat at Manzikert unleashed nearly a decade of internal strife which weakened the Byzantine Empire and saw the Seljuks make gains on the eastern border.

1920s Fashion From Flappers to the Little Black Dress

1920s Fashion From Flappers to the Little Black Dress SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The roaring twenties were an iconic era, characterized by a post-war economic boom, the rise of the newly wealthy, and monumental cultural shifts that would continue to define art, politics, and fashion for decades to come. 1920s fashion was all about creating a Look- an overall aesthetic that used modern trends to demonstrate the wearer’s creativity. For the first time, fashion was about self-expression, and you could be anyone you wanted if you had the right clothes. After World War I ended in 1918, the world pieced itself back together, and people tried to make sense of the events that occurred. As the world changed and healed, people pushed rapidly toward modernization in women’s rights, technology, and culture. The roaring twenties was a decade in which everything changed, and thankfully, gave us one of the most fun and influential decades of fashion. 1920s Fashion Trends for Women Fashion for women underwent major changes in the 1920s, as styles moved away from strict Victorian dress codes. Hemlines went up, and necklines went down. Women wore loose-fitting clothes, which allowed them the opportunity to show more skin, and move more freely. Corsets were discarded for loose-fitting chemises and camisoles, and with their new freedom of movement women dove headfirst into experiencing and defining their liberation in the modern era. The Flapper The Flapper is the look most commonly associated with the roaring twenties. Flappers wore short, tube-like dresses that could be plain or adorned with beads, fringe, or geometric shapes in an art-deco style. Flappers also accessorized with long necklaces, usually pearls, as well as scarves and headscarves, and galoshes. The Flapper look was intended to be an over-exaggerated, attention-grabbing look. Young women were experiencing more freedom in the post-war 1920s, and sought to shake the rigid expectations for women in past decades. The Garconne Similar to the Flapper, women who sported a Garconne look did so to rebel against feminine norms. This look was intended to be masculine; the essential pieces were blouses, oversized jackets, and straight-legged trousers. The look allowed for freedom of movement, and was a way to signal that a woman was independent and professional. Coco Chanel, who emerged as a leading fashion designer during the decade, was a proponent of the Garconne look, often wearing suits she designed. Speaking of Coco Chanel- this fashion icon also designed The Little Black Dress in the 1920s, a staple wardrobe piece that was intended to be stylish and multi-functional staple wardrobe piece for women of all shapes. The concept of a multi-functional dress was so popular that women all over the world adopted it, and it remains a fashion must-have. 1920s Hairstyles, Accessories, and More! 1920s hairstyles for women moved away from complicated long curls and pinned updos. Women chose short, sleek bobs of varying styles, including the Shingle, a shorter, waved bob. Fur coats or fur trim coats were also popular at this time, particularly raccoon, and were a major marker of status. Low heels in Mary Jane or T-strap styles were worn with most outfits. In addition to the two main day looks, other aspects of women’s clothing evolved during this time, since more women had the means to take vacations and participate in leisure activities. Women’s â€Å"bathing costumes† became shorter and tighter, allowing for more range of moment in the water, and more skin to be shown while sunbathing- a scandalous development! Sportswear also became more functional; loose trousers and blouses became acceptable for women, as women began to participate in leisure sports alongside men. 1920s Men’s Fashion While men’s fashion didn’t change as drastically as women’s fashions, men’s fashion did push toward modernity and functionality. New men’s styles were modeled after movie stars and famous prohibition gangsters. Men continued to wear suits for everyday wear, but new pieces became socially acceptable in casual settings as well. Sweaters were popularized as more young people went to college, and men wore them with trousers or knickerbockers. The suits themselves became less formal; pants were fitted more loosely, and a vest was optional. The 1920s also brought the creation of a Zoot Suit, which were popular among African-American men. These suits had wide legs and shoulders, and were styled with colorful ties and pocket squares. Though we tend to think of a tuxedo now as the highest level of formal wear, tuxedos were only adopted in the 1920s. Previously, men’s formal wear was called â€Å"white-tie† and consisted of a white tie and vest, along with a coat and tails. The more comfortable tuxedo replaced the coat-and-tails, and is now what we call black-tie formal. Tuxedos enabled men to dance more freely, as dancing itself became more varied and active. A young man wearing a flat cap 1920s Hairstyles and Accessories for Men You can’t think of 1920s fashion without thinking about hats. From flat-caps to top hats, men’s hats were essential. It was not generally acceptable to leave the house without one. Flat-caps were the most casual, and were often worn by boys and young men. Fedoras were also worn casually, usually with a suit. Top hats were considered formal hat-wear. Men’s hair was short and slicked back, emulating the gangsters and movie stars who were the celebrities of the day. Men also rocked ties and bow ties, and matched them with pocket squares, which were used as a way to add color and dimension to their outfits. Men in the 1920s also favored black wing tip, patent leather, or two-tone shoes. Like for women, fur coats were a signifier of status, with raccoon coats being sought after for their pattern and color. Understanding Cultural Influences in Roaring 20s Fashion First-wave feminism in the United States gained women the right to vote in 1919. With the vote came a change in women’s status, which was reflected quite literally in their clothing. As we mentioned above, corsets were all but abandoned, and clothing became less about following strict social codes to signify virtue or marital status, and more about self-expression. Women’s fashion was one of the primary functions of the culture revolution that came to define their liberation and the roaring twenties. The growing economy in conjunction with technological advancement and an increase in overall wealth created a growing culture of consumerism, where people were eager to display their wealth and status; part of this display was the cultivation of a look, and an understanding of trends. Accessing fashion was, for the first time, available to people of all classes, and there was a power in self-expression for the newly rich and the rising middle class. Additionally, many young men and women left their hometowns for the city with promises of jobs and adventure. A youth culture defined by unlimited promise quickly arose. Media Influences The film industry was just beginning en masse in the 1920s, and people of all socioeconomic status could go to see motion pictures. Movie stars like Clara Bow, Greta Garbo, Rudolph Valentino, and Buster Keaton heavily influenced the styles of the day. Hollywood as considered the height of glamour, and movie stars were a new concept that people were eager to emulate in the hedonistic twenties These changes accompanied by newspaper syndicates allowed people to all access the same information- for the first time, people in cities and rural towns across the country were reading and seeing the same content as one another. Newspapers ran the same stories, people saw the same movies, and were able to participate in national culture. This especially was important as the media glamorized prohibition gangsters’ rise to prominence. Their lifestyle and culture began to influence fashion and a culture of excess. Modern art also influenced 1920s fashion. Like everyone else, artists were trying to make sense of the devastating war in their own ways, which led to movements like Dada, surrealism and expressionism. Art deco was a major influence on fashion, as it focused on shapes and dimension and was about creating a visual experience. The influences are evident in the Flapper and Garconne looks for women, with its emphasis on lines and shapes. An example of art-deco Legacy and 1920s Fashion Trends Today In addition to the everlasting addition of the Little Black Dress, 1920s fashion influences continue to define the fashion industry as we know it. Fashion of the 1920s was closely tied to women’s liberation, and was one of the first of many movements to make women’s fashion more comfortable, functional, and suited to their needs and creativity instead of their physical attractiveness. More importantly, the 1920s established fashion as an ever-changing part of our cultural lexicon, something that influences people all over the world. A common expression is that fashion is cyclical, which explains why certain styles like leggings have made their way back from the 1980s in recent years. With that said, the fashion influence of the 1920s is everywhere, from a recent rise in bright shapes and patterns, and the resurgence of loose-fitting pants and blazers. Here are some fun ways to channel the 1920s in your everyday outfits, while avoiding looking like you’re wearing a costume. Tube dresses, swing dresses, and shift dresses are a great way to pull in a twenties influence, since they’re not form fitting. These dresses come in a variety of styles and are easy to accessorize. The same with loose, straight-legged pants! These clean lines are all about the shape, and when paired with the right accessories, will create a dramatic look you’ll love. Accessories are a great way to add 1920s flair. Big earrings, long necklaces- especially pearls- and headscarves will add dimension to your look. Bright colors all the way! Bobbed hairstyles made a comeback recently, and we’re all about it. Bobbed hair looks great with earrings, hats and headbands, and will invoke the roaring twenties. For men, it will be a bit harder to add 1920s flair to an outfit, since men’s clothes tend to be a little more mainstream, and 20s inspired pieces will be difficult to find. My best suggestion for adding 1920s flair to a men’s look is to add a hat! Fedoras and flat caps are stylish in every decade, and men can definitely add suspenders or colorful bowties. Remember, 1920s fashion for both men and women was about creating a Look, and using clothes to express yourself. When using the 1920s as an inspiration, the most important thing to keep in mind is that 20s fashion is about self-expression and freedom. It’s incredibly fun to turn your body into a work of art that speaks for itself. What's Next? Looking for more about the 1920s? Check out some of our analyses of one of the most iconic 1920s books, The Great Gatsby. Read an in-depth guide of the era or analyze the roles of money and materialism or the American dream in the novel. The 1920s are only a small part of US history, and you'll need to know all about the 20th century and beyond. These study guides for the SAT subject test and the AP US History test will help expand your knowledge and prepare you for the tests.

The Effect Of Hamiltonian And Jeffersonian Political Philosophy On The Essay

The Effect Of Hamiltonian And Jeffersonian Political Philosophy On The Development Of American Political Attitudes Between 1790 And 1860 - Essay Example In the history of America’s development, there are two key political figured referred to as the core of the nation’s political division: Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. The philosophies and political ideas of these two philosophers inspired several political actions in essential events during our great nation’s birth in the 1820s. On the side of Hamilton, the government was supposed to address people matters meaning that there should be the establishment of federal law controlling the states and focusing on financial gain. On the other hand, Jefferson believed that the government had no responsibility to deal with state affairs and the people’s rights. Since these two sides were contradicting, some people believed that establishing the two parties was not a good idea, while others believed that these parties would result to a bizarrely moderate nation. On the right side of Hamilton, the government was supposed to address people matters meaning tha t there should be the establishment of federal law controlling the states and focusing on financial gain. During the Marbury V. Madison’s case, federalist Marbury William did not get the position as a Supreme Court member as he expected from the current president during that time, Thomas Jefferson withheld the official documents. Therefore, it happened that Marshall insisted for his new governmental position not for political or moral standing, but the reason of wealth and status he was to gain, making his requirements not to politically harm President Jefferson, but due to status and financial gain it would cost him (DBQ #9. Doc .8). The political leaders had feared that, the citizens were educated and wild enabling them to run themselves. For instance, there was the Shay’s Rebellion whereby threads of U.S. laws were about to be undone through mass rioting, which were uncontrollable, in which Massachusetts’ federalist gave a talk on the recent episodes, arguing that there existed an â€Å"excess of democracy† amongst the American people, strengthening Federalist support until the 1812 War (DBQ #5, Doc. #9). However, the Federalists often came up with opportunistic plans. An example was Federalist John Randolph who realized how simple it would be to seize land from British colony while it was busy concentrating with its war in France (DBQ #7, Doc. #3). These federalist parties’ policies for financial gain and Federal control were essential for ensuring a realistic government, although often brought conflict from those whose beliefs were from the Jeffersonian left side. On the other hand, Jefferson had a belief that the government had no responsibility to deal with state’s affairs and the people’s rights. Such people acted against the government’s actions that would affect peoples' affairs and rights like the 1798 Sedition Act. The government, according to this Act was to limit what the press would say and represent (DBQ #6, doc. #5). Politicians such as Democratic-Republican George Hay protested about the Act arguing that it was unconstitutional and had limitations on Americans’ liberties (DBQ #6, DOC. #8). They also portrayed a negative attitude towards the 1812 War, whereby people such as Democratic-Republic Huge Nelson stated that the war was not only about British threatening on the financial operations, but about also contravening the American’s rights, which British had captured and armed (DBQ #7, DOC. #7). Their liberty belief was extended by those who had the education and wealth. Whereby, in the year 1821 Democrats such as Nathan Stanford worked tirelessly to ensure that all whites had voting rights including adult men, non-Irish, and all those who were qualified to vote claiming that voting rights should be for all qualified citizens but not the educated and the rich (DBQ #8, DOC. #1). People from these two parties

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategy - Essay Example For example, a study of "sport consumers" requires response that explains reasons that influence their behavior, and how to get better their behavioral propensity to remain loyal consumers. on the contrary, research on "sport customers" demands results of how to build upon their product knowledge, formulate or change their predilections for a product, and as a result determines how to make the sport product fits their predictable value, personality, and life style. Not all firms in an industry have the same critical success factors in a specific industry.A firm's existing position in the industry where it is next of kin to other competitors in the industry and also the market leader its strategy, its resources and capabilities For example, in 2005 Caterpillar determined a new strategy to aggressively grow revenues over the continuing. As part of that new strategy, Caterpillar described several critical success factors specific to the firm which are the following: Other firms in Caterpillar's industry may or may not have the same factors, and are not likely to have the same complete situation that is why strategies are different practicing in different industries. The strategy of any industry is made by the higher officials of the industry. The reason behind this that why the strategy of the different industries are different Is that all the above mentioned factors are the responsible for it. By difference among these factors, strategies became changed. EXAMPLE OF SAUDI TELECOM Saudi Telecom Company (STC) is the largest service bringer operating both mobile and fixed line businesses in

Correctional system Essay Example for Free

Correctional system Essay Does the conservative approach or liberal approach improve the correctional system. Please explain and give an example Though conservative approach has been criticized greatly over its dominance and operation in the last two decades, it still forms the best approach for crime control and correctional consideration. Over the last two decades, the conservative zero tolerance to crime has achieved a lot by segregating the criminals and correcting them in isolation. According to the pattern theory, it is clear that once a criminal has been established, it is very hard to prevent latter crime. Notably, keeping the criminals in prisons makes it possible for the administration to mobilize resources towards their correction with ease. To add to that, it is much easier to monitor the criminals reform progress. According to the Oklahoma Board of Corrections, John Lilly Correction Centers criminals are able to refocus on their actions and therefore make lifetime decisions to change. In addition, the desire for revenge by the offended reduces greatly when the individuals who committed crime are away from the community. Justice entails holistic evaluation of the scenario and the general re-evaluation that the offender gets due to punishment from his/her actions. According to criminal analysts, the presence of an offender (like a rapist) can hamper the psychological recovery of the offended. Though this system has been highly effective amidst vast criticism, it has the following disadvantages which should be addressed to perfect it. With the criminal correction system taking place at segregated places, there are high chances of minor offenders mixing with hard criminals which can make the formers to assimilate the traits of latter. Therefore, they should be separated and greater surveillance offered to ensure compliance. To add to that, the approach requires vast resources to maintain and effect the correctional measures to the vast prisoners in the US jails. To borrow from the liberals, it would be important to ensure an outward outlook of the correctional approach as a mode of preparing the inmates to get back to the community after the correctional period (Byrne, 2005). 2: Does the restorative justice approach improve the criminal justice system. Please explain and give an example Recently, criminal justice has taken different considerations that indicate possible future changes in the overall application of the justice system. Restorative justice is a broad term which refers to institutionalization of peaceful approaches to addressing harm, problem-solving, and violations. This system has assisted improved criminal justice greatly by bringing the two parties (offender and the offended) to the same table for reconciliation. Under this system the offender seeks reparation directly or indirectly from the offended. Restorative justice assists in addressing all the underlying issues that hold the offended captive until justice is done. During the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa after the oppressive regime of apartheid, it was possible for the offended to totally bring out their anger, grief, pain, and sorrow they encountered during apartheid. As indicated by Piagets theory of personal development, what is in ones mind persists for long until such a time that the correct platform for expression is established. Restorative justice therefore gives people the correct chances to forgive one another totally. As indicated by the South Africa Truth and Reconciliation commission, it becomes much easier to develop better relationship between the offender and the offended after the process. In adversarial legal process and civil litigation processes, lawyers simplify reduce the issues between the offenders and the offended to only legally relevant considerations to protect their clients. However, restorative justice is better in that all aspects are addressed holistically and rehabilitation exclusively undertaken to enhance later coexistence and development. Restorative justice therefore assists in achieving the correct balance between the rights of the offenders and the needs of the victims. Besides, it strikes the balance between the need for rehabilitation of the offenders and the main duty to protect the public from such criminals. This system should therefore be encouraged due to its conterminously acceptable ideals at all levels (Jaimie, 2005). Q3: Does community-based correctional options address crime control? Please explain and give an example. Arguably, community based correction options assist in reducing crime in the society by ensuring that the criminals are reformed in a model that prepares them to be assimilated back to the society. Whereas other correction systems emphasis on the need to harshly treat the offenders for them to realize their mistakes and reform with time, this method is considered to be a softer option as it is based in the community. To add to that, it gives more focus to developmental skills attainment that assist offenders prepare for productive lives after their correction time is over. Oriana House is a community based correction unit that operates in Ohio and Akron. In this CBFS, felony offenders are sentenced to undergo substance abuse treatment, job training, educational services, and cognitive skills that can assist them after completing the community service. The offenders usually get time to mix with the community in various activities and educational programs. This system redirects the focus of an individual to constructive thinking as opposed to destructive format that is achieved by the conservative approach. However, it has been criticized for failing to ensure that strict measures are taken by the corrective system (Curt Anne, 2008). About 5% of the people under the system are likely to recidivate back. Reference list Byrne, J. M. (2005). Crime Control Strategies and Community Change-Reforming The Surveillance vs Treatment Debate. Lowell: University of Massachusetts. Curt, R. Anne, B. (2008). Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application. New York: Sage. Jaimie, B. (2005). ‘Restoration or Renovation: Evaluating Restorative Justice Outcomes’. 12(1) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 12(1):185-200

Dennis the Menis movie report Essay -- essays research papers

Dennis the Menace Report In the movie Dennis the Menace, there are many different age groups represented; childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older adulthood. During childhood, children are carefree, fearless, talkative, curious, and playful. In adolescence, teens are faced with many important responsibilities and decisions. They start to become more mature and become interested in the opposite sex and sexual actions. When you enter into the adulthood and older adulthood world then you are faced with many more decisions and obstacles including; what job you are going to choose to do for the rest of your life and when or if you are even going to get married and start a family. Also, you must think about buying food, clothes, a house, car and other necessities or wants. Along with each age group comes some worries. When you are in the childhood age group, things that seem big to you actually are not all that big. For example, when Dennis’ mom tells him he has to go to Margaret’s house while she goes to work all summer, he acts like it is the end of the world. In the adolescent age group things get a little more stressful. Some things that are stressful for the adolescents are keeping up their grades because school has gotten harder, getting a job, making the team, and things like that. With the adulthood and older adulthood age group comes the realization of necessities needed to just get by because it is the first time you are supporting yourself. As time goes on you ge...

Psychology Genogram Essay

The paper will discuss reasons that motivation will be important while during service How do you define motivation? Most dictionaries define motivation as taking action or moving. Motivation to most people is the ability to go beyond self and push you to accomplish certain goals and desires. There must be a driving force that initiates certain behaviors when you define motivation. Motivation takes an inner resolve to make a change or to get something done in order to achieve it. There are different types of motivation that would define motivation in a broader way. A few that can be mentioned are self-motivation, achievement motivation, and attitude motivation. Self-motivation is what most people use to define motivation at its highest peak of accomplishments. If you are able to motivate yourself and reach your goals, you would have conquered the ability to be disciplined and will accomplish anything you put your mind to. The key to becoming self-motivated is persistence. Persistence is the ability to stay focused despite any challenges. It requires an inner resolve to step outside of self and find something from deep within that you may not have known was even there. Motivation is very important to all decisions that you have to make. Without the ability to define motivation and how you can make it work for you, then your life will be an endless drama of going around in circles. The following paper will discuss ways to motivation or to serve others and exploring reasons for service. Motivation helps you start. One of the first steps to success is simply to start. Unfortunately, it’s often not easy to start. The task may seem too big to handle. The difficulties may seem too many. Or perhaps you’re just plain lazy. Whatever it is, you need something to help you start and that is where your motivation comes into play. When you are motivated, you will naturally want to start. Starting doesn’t feel difficult because you want it. This way starting will feel effortless and you will be ahead of many people who find it difficult to even start.

The definition of the genre of the Bible

JohnThe genre of this book is gospel. The key theme of John is Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and he is the one who gives everlasting life. Key characters in this book are Jesus, John the Baptist, Lazarus, and Mary Magdalene. The first part of John tells of Jesus’ ministry and teachings. John tells of how Jesus performed miracles such as healing the lame and blind and bringing Lazarus back from death.The story of the feeding of the five thousand is also mentioned in John. In chapters 13-17 John tells of Jesus’ time just before his death and resurrection. Here, Jesus prays for His disciples and for Himself. The last part of the book tells of the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Here, He is crucified on the cross after being trialed and convicted illegally. Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene after arising from His tomb. He also appears to His disciples.ActsThe genre of this book is narrative. The key theme of Acts is showing the reader how believers in Jesus were empowered by the Holy Ghost to spread His Word throughout the world. Key characters are Paul, Peter, John, Stephen, Timothy, and James. The author of Acts is Luke. The beginning chapters tell of the Church starting from infancy. Peter delivers a wonderful sermon to the Jews. As a result, three thousand people accepted Christ as their Savior.The apostles start spreading the Word to different areas. Luke tells of how Stephen is falsely accused and stoned to death. The Apostle Paul (originally named Saul) has a life altering experience while traveling to Damascus. Before being convicted by the Holy Spirit, Paul oppressed early Christians. The last parts of Acts tell of the gospel being spread to the Gentiles. Paul travels to Macedonia with Silas to spread the gospel. Paul then travels to Jerusalem and gets arrested and is imprisoned.HebrewsThe genre of this book is epistle. The purpose of Hebrews was to show Christians that Jesus Christ was perfect and greater than anything Judai sm had to offer. The author wrote Hebrews to a group of Christians that were debating returning back to Judaism and reverting back to their old ways. Unlike other books in the New Testament, Hebrews brings focus on the Old Testament. In early chapters of Hebrews, the author presents to the reader the power of the Word. He also tells that,† faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen†(11:1) The author gives us great examples of the faithful people from the Old Testament and tells of having faith in Jesus is the basis of our salvation. The author conveys to the recipients of Hebrews that straying away from faith will have consequences and that they not turn away from the Truth.JamesThe genre of this book is epistle. The purpose of James was to encourage Jewish believers to live great Christian lives and to continue growing in faith. The key characters in James are himself and Jewish Christians. James teaches the relationship between faith and works and how faith should be put into action. He states that we should not only listen to the Word but be doers of the Word and that good works are not the cause of salvation. Good works are the result of salvation. He tells the believers that everyone is a sinner and if even one of the Ten Commandments is broken, then all are broken. James then instructs that we should submit to God and serve Him and to turn away from evil. He ends the letter telling us to be patient in suffering and to pray for one another. He also expresses to us the importance of living in faith.RevelationThe genre of this book is apocalyptic. The purpose of Revelation is to give hope to all of us and to continue to watch for the return of the King. It also gives of warning of the Final Judgment and what nonbelievers will have to endure. The author of Revelation is John. He explains how an angel comes to him in a vision instructing him to send letters to seven churches about his revelation. The book tells o f how the final days will be on earth and how there will be an Anti-Christ that will rule until God throws him into the Lake of Fire. John tells of plagues that will be cast onto the world and he speaks of the final resting place of the non-believer. They will show the wrath of God’s judgment on the wicked. Lastly, John describes  the New Heaven and the New Jerusalem. There will be no tears, crying, or death!

Free Essays on LAS DROGAS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES

LAS DROGAS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES El aumento en el à ­ndice de consumo de drogas entre adolescentes es cada vez mayor y el problema parece cada dà ­a ms difà ­cil de resolver. La prevencià ³n del consumo de drogas es tarea de todos, pero los medios de comunicacià ³n tienen un papel indiscutible en ella. La televisià ³n puede ser una forma positiva para luchar contra las drogas. Por ejemplo, la televisià ³n hispana ha estado elaborando programas de television, como novelas o propagandas con mensajes acerca de las drogas. Mensajes que ayudan a educar a los jà ³venes acerca de las malas consecuencias de la droga y los problemas que trae su consumo. Tal vez la mejor manera de prevenir la drogadiccià ³n en los adolescentes serà ­a el de representar en la televisià ³n escenas comunes en las que se enfrentan los adolescentes, donde se les ofrece el consumir drogas o donde sienten la curiosidad por probarlas. Quizs con esta opcià ³n el adolescente se pueda situar à ©l mismo en esa representacià ³n e interpretar de manera reflexiva el rol que desarrolla otro individuo y de esta manera identificarse. Asà ­, se lograrà ­a un mejor acercamiento al objetivo de la mayorà ­a de las campaà ±as anti-drogas. Algo asà ­ como la serie de television â€Å"Survivor† pero el tema principal serà ­a las drogas. Actualmente las campaà ±as que se emprenden en la televisià ³n pretenden evitar la drogadiccià ³n en adolescentes. Pero yo creo que esta nueva forma de representar las vivencias en televisià ³n de la vida de los adolescentes pretenden desde un punto de vista de la cultura juvenil reforzar y desarrollar una actitud crà ­tica hacia las drogas informando y previniendo sobre los efectos o consecuencias de ingerir drogas. El à ©xito o fracaso de una campaà ±a publicitaria en televisià ³n depende del grado de realismo con el que se toca o representa el tema de las drogas. No basta con decir que las drogas son malas y tienen graves consecuencias, sino tambià ©n... Free Essays on LAS DROGAS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES Free Essays on LAS DROGAS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES LAS DROGAS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES El aumento en el à ­ndice de consumo de drogas entre adolescentes es cada vez mayor y el problema parece cada dà ­a ms difà ­cil de resolver. La prevencià ³n del consumo de drogas es tarea de todos, pero los medios de comunicacià ³n tienen un papel indiscutible en ella. La televisià ³n puede ser una forma positiva para luchar contra las drogas. Por ejemplo, la televisià ³n hispana ha estado elaborando programas de television, como novelas o propagandas con mensajes acerca de las drogas. Mensajes que ayudan a educar a los jà ³venes acerca de las malas consecuencias de la droga y los problemas que trae su consumo. Tal vez la mejor manera de prevenir la drogadiccià ³n en los adolescentes serà ­a el de representar en la televisià ³n escenas comunes en las que se enfrentan los adolescentes, donde se les ofrece el consumir drogas o donde sienten la curiosidad por probarlas. Quizs con esta opcià ³n el adolescente se pueda situar à ©l mismo en esa representacià ³n e interpretar de manera reflexiva el rol que desarrolla otro individuo y de esta manera identificarse. Asà ­, se lograrà ­a un mejor acercamiento al objetivo de la mayorà ­a de las campaà ±as anti-drogas. Algo asà ­ como la serie de television â€Å"Survivor† pero el tema principal serà ­a las drogas. Actualmente las campaà ±as que se emprenden en la televisià ³n pretenden evitar la drogadiccià ³n en adolescentes. Pero yo creo que esta nueva forma de representar las vivencias en televisià ³n de la vida de los adolescentes pretenden desde un punto de vista de la cultura juvenil reforzar y desarrollar una actitud crà ­tica hacia las drogas informando y previniendo sobre los efectos o consecuencias de ingerir drogas. El à ©xito o fracaso de una campaà ±a publicitaria en televisià ³n depende del grado de realismo con el que se toca o representa el tema de las drogas. No basta con decir que las drogas son malas y tienen graves consecuencias, sino tambià ©n...

B-24 Liberator Bomber in World War II

B-24 Liberator Bomber in World War II The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber that entered service in 1941. A highly modern aircraft for its day, it first saw combat operations with the Royal Air Force. With the American entry into World War II, production of the B-24 increased. By the end of the conflict, over 18,500 B-24s had been constructed making it the most-produced heavy bomber in history. Employed in all theaters by the US Army Air Forces and US Navy, the Liberator routinely served alongside the more rugged Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In addition to service as heavy bomber, the B-24 played a critical role as a maritime patrol aircraft and aided in closing the air gap during the Battle of the Atlantic. The type was later evolved into the PB4Y Privateer maritime patrol aircraft. Liberators also served as long-range transports under the designation C-87 Liberator Express. Origins In 1938, the United State Army Air Corps approached Consolidated Aircraft about producing the new Boeing B-17 bomber under license as part of the Project A program to expand American industrial capacity. Visiting the Boeing plant in Seattle, Consolidated president Reuben Fleet assessed the B-17 and decided that a more modern aircraft could be designed using existing technology. Subsequent discussions led to the issuing of USAAC Specification C-212. Intended from the outset to be fulfilled by Consolidateds new effort, the specification called for a bomber with a higher speed and ceiling, as well as a greater range than the B-17. Responding in January 1939, the company incorporated several innovations from other projects into the final design which it designated the Model 32. Design Development Assigning the project to chief designer Isaac M. Laddon, Consolidated created a high-wing monoplane that featured a deep fuselage with large bomb-bays and retracting bomb-bay doors. Powered by four Pratt Whitney R1830 twin Wasp engines turning three-bladed variable-pitch propellers, the new aircraft featured long wings to improve performance at high altitude and increase payload. The high aspect ratio Davis wing employed in the design also allowed it to have a relatively high speed and extended range. This latter trait was gained due to wings thickness which provided additional space for fuel tanks. In addition, the wings possessed other technological improvements such as laminated leading edges. Impressed with the design, the USAAC awarded Consolidated a contract to build a prototype on March 30, 1939. Dubbed the XB-24, the prototype first flew on December 29, 1939. Pleased with the prototypes performance, the USAAC moved the B-24 into production the following year. A distinctive aircraft, the B-24 featured a twin tail and rudder assembly as well as flat, slab-sided fuselage. This latter characteristic earned it the name Flying Boxcar with many of its crews. The B-24 was also the first American heavy bomber to utilize tricycle landing gear. Like the B-17, the B-24 possessed a wide array of defensive guns mounted in top, nose, tail, and belly turrets. Capable of carrying 8,000 lbs. of bombs, the bomb-bay was divided in two by a narrow catwalk that was universally disliked by air crews but served as the fuselages structural keel beam. B-24 Liberator - Specifications (B-24J): General Length: 67 ft. 8 in.Wingspan: 110 ft.Height: 18 ft.Wing Area: 1,048 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 36,500 lbs.Loaded Weight: 55,000 lbs.Crew: 7-10 Performance Power Plant: 4 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-1830 turbo-supercharged radial engines, 1,200 hp eachCombat Radius: 2,100 milesMax Speed: 290 mphCeiling: 28,000 ft. Armament Guns: 10 Ãâ€" .50 in. M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 2,700-8,000 lbs. depending on range An Evolving Airframe An anticipated aircraft, both the Royal and French Air Forces placed orders through the Anglo-French Purchasing Board before the prototype had even flown. The initial production batch of B-24As was completed in 1941, with many being sold directly to the Royal Air Force including those originally meant for France. Sent to Britain, where the bomber was dubbed Liberator, the RAF soon found that they were unsuitable for combat over Europe as they had insufficient defensive armament and lacked self-sealing fuel tanks. Due to the aircrafts heavy payload and long range, the British converted these aircraft for use in maritime patrols and as long range transports. Learning from these issues, Consolidated improved the design and the first major American production model was the B-24C which also included improved Pratt Whitney engines. In 1940, Consolidated again revised the aircraft and produced the B-24D. The first major variant of the Liberator, the B-24D quickly amassed orders for 2,738 aircraft. Overwhelming Consolidateds production capabilities, the company vastly expanded its San Diego, CA factory and built a new facility outside of Fort Worth, TX. At maximum production, the aircraft was built at five different plans across the United States and under license by North American (Grand Prairie, TX), Douglas (Tulsa, OK), and Ford (Willow Run, MI). The latter built a massive plant at Willow Run, MI that, at its peak (August 1944), was producing one aircraft per hour and ultimately built around half of all Liberators. Revised and improved several times throughout World War II, the final variant, the B-24M, ended production on May 31, 1945. Other Uses In addition to its use as a bomber, the B-24 airframe was also the basis for the C-87 Liberator Express cargo plane and the PB4Y Privateer maritime patrol aircraft. Though based on the B-24, the PBY4 featured a single tail fin as opposed to the distinctive twin tail arrangement. This design was later tested on the B-24N variant and engineers found that it improved handling. Though an order for 5,000 B-24Ns was placed in 1945, it was cancelled a short time later when the war ended. Due to the B-24s range and payload capabilities, it was able to perform well in the maritime role, however the C-87 proved less successful as the aircraft had difficulty landing with heavy loads. As a result, it was phased out as the C-54 Skymaster became available. Though less effective in this role, the C-87 fulfilled a vital need early in the war for transports capable of flying long distances at high altitude and saw service in many theaters including flying the Hump from India to China. All told, 18,188 B-24s of all types were built making it the most produced bomber of World War II. Operational History The Liberator first saw combat action with the RAF in 1941, however due to their unsuitability they were reassigned to RAF Coastal Command and transport duty. Improved RAF Liberator IIs, featuring self-sealing fuel tanks and powered turrets, flew the types first bombing missions in early 1942, launching from bases in the Middle East. Though Liberators continued to fly for the RAF throughout the war, they were not employed for strategic bombing over Europe. With the US entry into World War II, the B-24 began to see extensive combat service. The first US bombing mission was a failed attack on Wake Island on June 6, 1942. Six days later, a small raid from Egypt was launched against the Ploesti oil fields in Romania. As US bomber squadrons deployed, the B-24 became the standard American heavy bomber in the Pacific Theater due to its longer range, while a mix of B-17 and B-24 units were sent to Europe. Operating over Europe, the B-24 became one of the principal aircraft employed in the Allies Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany. Flying as part of the Eighth Air Force in England and the Ninth and Fifteenth Air Forces in the Mediterranean, B-24s repeated pounded targets across Axis-controlled Europe. On August 1, 1943, 177 B-24s launched a famous raid against Ploesti as part of Operation Tidal Wave. Departing from bases in Africa, the B-24s struck the oil fields from low altitude but lost 53 aircraft in the process. Battle of the Atlantic While many B-24s were hitting targets in Europe, others were playing a key role in winning the Battle of the Atlantic. Flying initially from bases in Britain and Iceland, and later the Azores and the Caribbean, VLR (Very Long Range) Liberators played a decisive role in closing the air gap in the middle of the Atlantic and defeating the German U-boat threat. Utilizing radar and Leigh lights to locate the enemy, B-24s were credited in the sinking of 93 U-boats. The aircraft also saw extensive maritime service in the Pacific where B-24s and its derivative, the PB4Y-1, wreaked havoc on Japanese shipping. During the course of the conflict, modified B-24s also service as electronic warfare platforms as well as flew clandestine missions for the Office of Strategic Services.   Crew Issues While a workhorse of the Allied bombing effort, the B-24 was not hugely popular with American air crews who preferred the more rugged B-17. Among the issues with the B-24 was its inability to sustain heavy damage and remain aloft. The wings in particular proved vulnerable to enemy fire and if hit in critical areas could give way completely. It was not uncommon to see a B-24 falling from the sky with its wings folded upwards like a butterfly. Also, the aircraft proved highly susceptible to fires as many of the fuel tanks were mounted in the upper parts of the fuselage. In addition, crews nicknamed the B-24 the Flying Coffin as it possessed only one exit which was located near the tail of the aircraft. This made it difficult to impossible for the flight crew to escape a crippled B-24. It was due to these issues and the emergence of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress in 1944, that the B-24 Liberator was retired as a bomber at the end of hostilities. The PB4Y-2 Privateer, a fully navalized derivative of the B-24, remained in service with the US Navy until 1952 and with the US Coast Guard until 1958. The aircraft was also used in aerial firefighting through 2002 when a crash led to all remaining Privateers being grounded.

Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior in Bending Research Paper

Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior in Bending - Research Paper Example ProcedureThe setup of the apparatus involved a beam that was in the machine with the gauge across the beam’s depth. It was loaded in flexure. The load in the concrete beam was increased uniformly from 0KN up to a load of 41.95KN. From the gauge reading taken, there was very little deflection at the beginning. The increase of the load was gradual. The beam first had a crack at the bottom when the load applied in the middle of the beam reached 10KN. There was a record of all gauge readings and deflections with each increment. Further increments of 2KN followed but with only the deflection readings recorded.   At the point where the beam deflection started increasing rapidly, the deflection gauge was removed. The beam was then loaded up to failure. The beam failed at 41.95 KN.The table below shows the results of the observations and readings from the gauge and applied load in the experiment.  DiscussionI. The development of cracksThe beam experience different loading conditio ns where the deflection on of the beam indicated the effect of the load on the beam. More increases to the load took the concrete beam to its elastic limit. Beyond the elastic limit, the beam experience permanent deformation. At a load of 10KN, the beam started developing cracks as it had reached its elastic limit. The cracked section demonstrates the behaviour of the material. It was elastic with light loads but with high loads, it became plastic and cracks started to appear.

Opportunities and challenges posed by the diversity of the U.S Essay

Opportunities and challenges posed by the diversity of the U.S. population - Essay Example The best example of this deficiency is the problem of illegal immigration taking place across the southern border. In this case, thousands of Hispanics attempt to cross-over to the country in order to avail of meagre economic opportunities available here. Though their journey North is no less arduous than previous waves of immigrations arriving at the New York harbour, a large proportion of Hispanics in America still carry their illegal label. This is one of the biggest challenges facing the nation at this point, as an already recession-hit economy has pushed citizens to a state of desperation. In this atmosphere, citizens are likely to misplace their collective anger on illegal immigrants when the real culprits are sitting in Washington, D.C. Such an eventuality would dent America's reputation for diversity and tolerance; but more importantly only aggravate the problem. But if the nation's legislators believed that there is opportunity in every adversity, then there is scope for an amicable resolution for the illegal immigration problem. Policy makers can learn a lot from the successful integration of Black Americans since their early diminished station as plantation slaves. That a member of this historically repressed community would rise to become the President was unimaginable at one point.

Myth as (Roman) History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Myth as (Roman) History - Essay Example With a tendency to illustrate stories in terms of black and white, good and evil, exemplary and deplorable, myths manage to capture the basic ideologies of a given culture and paint a picture of what everyday life might have been like within that culture. The way in which the myths changed over time reflect changes in the ideologies of the people telling the stories, editing and changing to suit new or emerging concepts as a result of trade, enlightenment or other factors. To illustrate how changing myths reflect a changing culture while also providing clues to that culture, it is helpful to examine several similar myths that have been preserved for a specific ideological concept. For this study, the concept of rape will be examined through the stories of the Sabine Women, the rape of Lucretia and the rape of Europa to indicate the attitudes of the ancient Romans and Greeks regarding women and feminine issues. The origins of Rome are included in the story of the rape of the Sabine women. According to early accounts, the new Romans were aware that while they had the strength to withstand invasions, they did not have the women necessary to continue their lines into the next generation but offers for marriage sent out to neighboring nations were refused. To overcome this barrier, Romulus and the other Roman men invited several neighboring nations to join them in one of the larger celebrations of Neptune and, when everyone had been gathered, the women were snatched by the Romans while their families and other men were pushed out of the city. Livy (1st cent.) calmly explained how the youths of the city grabbed the girls that were nearest to hand, but that some had already been reserved for the senators and relates how their grief was assuaged by the assurances of Romulus that they would be given full rights of marriage and that the children that would be the inevitable result of the mass rape would reconcile them to their husbands.

Classic glacial and post glacial landforms of snowdonia

Classic glacial and post glacial landforms of snowdonia Cwm Idwal (CI) is a Cirque: which is a glacially eroded semi circular steep walled basin, cirques commonly contain a lake this is what Llyn Idwal is. The Younger Dryas period was when CI was formed as a cirque, around 12,000 years ago, in the UK the event was called the Loch Lomond Stidial (The BBC, 2002). Various landforms that are associated with glacial and post-glacial are found in this area, with using a base map and Google Maps of the area we were able to determine some landforms before going into the field. By doing this, we managed to predict the Ice Flow Direction and where the Moraine Ridges were in the landscape. * Next to the footpath, on appendix 1 grid reference 360001:359004, we can see an Erratic from the annotation on the map that the erratic is small. Appendix 2, figure 1 shows a field sketch of the erratic and rough measurements of 7 meters long and 2 meters high. An erratic is a boulder carried by glacial ice from the origin usually in a different bedrock type on destination (Hug, 1998). * Roche Moutonnà ©e landforms Commonly occur in clusters (Bennett and Glasser, 1996, p118). However, this example on the base map in appendix 1 is a singular mass at 359009: 264009. The mass is 10 meters long and 1.5 meters high as shown in appendix 2 figure 3 of my field sketches. the smooth end faces the direction of flow whilst the other side is steeper (Summerfield, 1993). * * The Degraded Rock Wall with loose rock debris is roughly 200 meters high, this was found in appendix 1 at 359008: 264007.Being around 400 meters across. The rock debris can be highlighted gratefully by appendix 2, figure 5, on Google maps you cannot see rock debris or scree very clearly, this is why fieldwork is vital for identification. à   (Google Maps, 2009) * * The Glacially Eroded and Steepened Rock Wall on appendix 1 is located at 358002: 264007, is typical of a cirque. The landform is located at the heads of deep valleys (Summerfield, 1993, p274) * * A Hanging Valley is formed from glaciations, being eroded by a small glacier; the valley sits up above Cwm Valley. In appendix 1 the location is 358002: 264008 and finishes around 359008: 263001. You can see the layout of the hanging valley in appendix 2, figure 9. A typical feature of a hanging valley is a waterfall or stream which can be seen easily on my field sketch. * * Hummocky Moraine is formed from a high debris concentration its an irregular collection of mounds and enclosed hollows (Bennett and Glasser, 1996, p231). These mounds can be seen clearly in appendix 2, figure 8, the cluster is 80 meters wide and 115 meters length ways. The amount on CI is two small belts either side of Llyn Idwal in appendix 1 at 358005: 264003 and 358003: 264004. * * Infilled Lake Basin is dammed by a rock lip, the movement of the ice in the Younger Dryas period created a deep basin (Owen and Green, 1997). Llyn Idwal is from 50- 305 meters wide and 625 meters long. Appendix 1 locates the lake basin starting at 358004: 359002. The field sketch on appendix 2, figure 7, shows the flat lake basin and the lip in the far distance of the sketch. * * Whalebacks are parts of bedrock the ice has moved over and so have been smoothed and rounded all over erosion. In appendix 1 the whalebacks are located at 360006: 264001. They range from 145 meters long and 40 meters wide. Post glacial landforms develop after the glaciation period, landforms highlighted in appendix 4 such as degraded rock wall, forming truncated spurs happen due to weathering. Physical weathering dominates cold climates such as CI. Freeze thaw happens when temperature is around 0 degrees, water in joints freeze and expand by around 10%, weakening the surrounding rock. Physical weathering affects the majority of glacial and post glacial features on appendix 3, with exception to the infilled lake basin. Pressure release from the former ice sheet covering the rock produces sheet joints parallel to the ground surface, therefore encourages further weathering. Hydrolysis affects feldspar as the water combines with certain minerals in the rock. When weathered it produces Na, K and Mg ions which are clay minerals.Organic action is produced by the action of animals and plant roots braking up the rock. Roots seep through existing cracks as they grow and thicken they increase the pressure on the cracks causing them to fracture and expand. In a wet environment, such as CI, the growth rate of vegetation is high. Weathering is influenced by climate, underlying geology, vegetation cover, relief and aspect. The geology is hard rock, made up of felsic tuff, an igneous rock rich in light coloured minerals such as feldspar and silica (quartz) (Hug, 1998). The rock has an equigranular texture, and is cooled very slowly and is intrinsic, slow cooling enables the minerals to be very small and confined. Tiff is a hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash. Igneous rocks are more resistant than sedimentary, they are older rocks found in upland areas such as North West Wales. Due to the release of pressure from the glacier melting the rock developed cracked joints and bedding planes which causes water to enter the rock, therefore the amount of joints increases the weathering. The chemical composition of the rock determines the vulnerability of weathering. The granite and feldspar are prone to hydrolysis (Alden, 2006). Vegetation cover is important, organic acids from plants and other matter increase chemical weathering on Cwm Idwal. Due to the low vegetation cover , the organic acids released from bacteria and respiration of the plant roots only produce a small increase in the carbon dioxide for chemical weathering. Relief and Aspect is a major part of CI, it is a mountainous area, exposed to rain and extreme temperatures, the area is vulnerable to physical processes such as freeze thaw. Gravity has more force on steep slopes, so weathered material is removed quickly, such as a steepened rock wall. Not like the more gentle slopes in CI such as the degraded rock wall with a debris cone which is scree build up. Geomorphological mapping is a brilliant way of accessing an area of interest that people go too. Photographs from people previously going to the area is a brilliant example of secondary data, comprising of brilliant detail. This can include being able to see the proper image of the slopes and the landforms such as scree slopes and degraded rock walls. In appendix 4 lies the photographs which were taken from the trip. This can be harder to see from aerial photographs as the picture quality is lower the more you zoom in, conversely, you can get a scale for the landforms and find out the size. Areas that people are unable to climb are easily viewed from aerial photographs therefore has an important part. However, both of these techniques have fixed viewpoints and so acquiring a whole virtual picture of an area before going is impossible. Field mapping is a longer process which you have to be at the area of study. However, for the viewer it is an in depth analysis with a virtual picture of the whole area. Problems with this method are that areas that are inaccessible due to not having safety equipment cannot be viewed. This is the one major flaw with this approach, landforms associated with this problem are hanging valleys and v shaped valleys. This is where aerial photographs are beneficial. In conclusion, aerial photographs are congenial to work with for preliminary study of a location; however field work is needed to incorporate understanding of the area. Nothing is more prominent than a 3D view of the work area. Additionally, photographs, aerial pictures and Google maps are a necessity when trying to understand the location prior to visiting to enable building up a picture and specifying what parts you want to specialise in. Word Count: 1,365 References Alden A. (2006) Equigranular Texture in About Geology [online]. http://geoglogy.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/igroxtextures/igtexequigranular.htm [accessed 21/11/2009] The BBC (2002) Younger Dryas- the Ice Ages last big blast [online]. www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A760240#footnote3 [accessed 17/11/2009] Bennett M.R. and Glasser N.F (1996), Glacial Geology, 1st edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England. Chapter 6, p116-134. Chapter 9, p231-235. Geography High (2008) Post-Glacial Landforms [online]. www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3glacgeoghighpostglacland.html [accessed 17/11/2009] Google Maps (2009) Google Maps UK [online] http://maps.google.co.uk [accessed 17/11/2009] Hug K. (1998) An outline of American Geography- Glossary [online]. www.let.rug.nl/usa/GEO/glossary.htm [accessed 17/11/2009] Maltman A.J, Hubbard B. and Hambrey M.J (2000), deformation of glacial materials in Geological Society Special Publication. Number 176, p321-323. One Geology, NE Geology (2009) Making Geological Map Data of the Earth Accessible [online] http://portal.onegeology.org/ [accessed 17/11/2009] Owen S. and Green J. (1997) National Parks in the UK, 1st edition, Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham, England. P11-13. Reynolds Geo- Sciences Ltd (2003) Guidelines for Geomorphological Mapping in Glacial Hazards and Risk Management [online] www.geologyuk.com/mountain_hazards_group/pdf/Appendix_A5.pdf [accessed 22/11/2009] Summerfield M.A. (1993) Global Geomorphology, 1st edition, Longman, Essex, England. Chapter 11, p272-280. Turnbill R. (2009) Granite and Grit: A Walkers Guide to the Geology of British Mountians, 1st edition, Frances Lincoln Ltd, London. P101.

Boston Tea Party :: essays research papers

The Boston Tea Party was the key-event for the Revolutionary War. With this act, the colonists started the violent part of the revolution. It was the first try of the colonists, to rebel with violence against their own government. The following events were created by the snowball effect. There, all the colonists realized the first time, that they were treated wrong by the British government. It was an important step towards the independence dream, which was resting in the head of each colonist. They all flew from their mother country to start a new life in a new world, but the British government didn't gine them the possibility by controlling them. The causes for the Boston Tea Party The events leading to the Boston Tea Party began already ten years before ( 1763 ), when the English won the French-and-Indian War. The king of Britain passed taxes on the colonies to make up for the loss of money because of the war. He did it in a line of acts, called the Sugar Act ( tax to protect and secure the colonists ) and the Stamp Act ( tax on all licences, newspapers and business papers ). The colonists reacted with protests against those acts, what made the British Parliament to repeal the taxes within 5 months. Then they (the government ) passed taxes on lead, paint, paper and tea. These acts were called the Townshed Duties, but the colonists called them the "Insidious Acts". Mass meetings were held and people tried to influence others not to buy English imported goods anymore. In the end the parliament removed all the taxes except for tea. Actually the colonists easily didn't want to accept, to pay taxes to a government, they don't really belong to anymore. Although this tax on the tea cost a colonial family just pennies a year. Sam Adams, a kind of leader of the colonists, figured out, that the tax could be raised or lowered by the parliament at will. ( Sam Adams: "The power to tax is the power to destroy!" ).He also pointed out, that the colonists had no representation in the Parliament, and that they can't be taxed without having a representation in there, to care for their interests and wills. However, most people drank tea smuggled in from the Netherlands, so they didn't care very much whether the parliament raises or lowers the taxes.

Ecology of Sand Dunes

There are six main physical types of dunes which rely on the position of the system in relation to the direction of the shoreline. Three of these being spits, offshore islands and nesses project towards the sea and are generally extending seawards. They are characterstic where the prevailing wind is offshore so in England would be the East Coast. The other three types which are bay dunes, hind shore dunes and machair are found found where the prevailing wind is onshore so a constantly being driven back on to the land behind the shore by the wind and are found on the west coast. Dunes are known as sub-maritime coastal habitats as they are not plagued by occasional flooding and are not very salty. Dunes can very in size greatly with the height increasing over 25 meters on some coasts and can vary greatly in width and length. Dune vegetation Dune vegetation varies according to stability, moisture content and calcium carbonate content of the sand the dune is made up of. In order for vegetation on the dunes to grow plant succession has to occur. Marram grass colonises the dune (fore dunes) and spreads its tuberous roots just under the surface of the sand, and forms an underground web that helps hold the sand in place. Though marram grass stabilizes the soil for its own survival, an inadvertent side effect is that it makes it possible for other kinds of vegetation to begin to take hold. Other plants take advantage of the increased stability of the soil surface and start to colonize areas the marram grass helped make safe Embryo dune formation Sand is blown onshore from exposed beaches at low tide. As the wind slows due to obstacles on the land being met the sand is deposited. Large amount of sand are deposited just beyond the highest water mark. This is due to the friction occurring where drift line vegetation is growing and by the accumulating sand deposits present. Eventually low sand hills build up on the shoreline and slowly move inaland. These embryo dunes become colonized by Agropyron Junceforme which can tolerate saline apray, posses' a large root system allowing more binding of the sand and rapid growth to avoid burial by the sand. The embryo dune vegetation increases sand deposition and they hills increase in size and advance further inland and develop into first fore and then yellow dunes. Fore Dunes and yellow dunes Above the driftline and embryo dunes there is often a seaward strip of low dunes with an open growth of plants still tolerant of short immersion during especially higgh tides. These fore dunes grade into main dunes further inland where Marram grass is the main colonist encouraging the growth of the dunes upwards. This grass is and efficient dune builder but does not form a layer of litter or bind the sand surface so later erosion occurs. As the colonists have made the sand more stable forther vegetation now grows such as Calystegia soldanella. This grows in the sand between the marram tussocks. Many species of plans which find a coastal niche also appear as open sand colonists. Some of these grow on mainly calcerous dunes, but the effect of varying lime content of the sand becomes more obvious as a closed vegetation develops and stabilization is accompanied by leaching. Fixed or Grey Dunes A vegetation of low growing grasses, lichens and mosses are present at this stage. Where contains less lime the characterstic species which occurs amongst the marram are red and sheeps fescue. Lichens such as Cladonia impexa also may become abundant Dune Heath and Dune Pasture The oldest and most stable parts of the non-calcerous dunes are eventually invaded by dwarf shrubs. This forms a heath which approaches which approaches that of many inland lowland areas with sandy soil. Lichen heaths also develop with species such as cladonia impexa growing in great abundance in dwarf shrubs, it is also possible for bracken to become abundant in this area and large areas of it may develop. During the early stages of closed sward formation marram may remain very abundant, but with further development of the succession it gradually thins out and eventually disappears. The development of the dwarf shrub heath is also marked by the sand surface becoming acidic and the formation of an acidic humus layer. Further development involves a thickening of the grassy swardm extension of these herbs into the moss and lichens, and the dissapearance of species such as marram grass.. Rabbits can be numerous on these undes and their grazing can produce a close cropped species rich area hardly distinguishable from that on many inland grasslands. The lime content and pH of calcerous sand dunes decrease with age, and organic